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Today
in History ARCHIVES
Understanding the Present by Honoring our Past began November
1, 2002
History
Archives 2002,
2003, 2004,
2005,
2006,
2007
2003
JANUARY / FEBRUARY
/ MARCH / APRIL
/ MAY / JUNE /
JULY / AUGUST /
SEPTEMBER / OCTOBER / NOVEMBER
/ DECEMBER
2002 NOVEMBER
/ DECEMBER
Wednesday,
December 31, 2003
During
this week in 1985, Congress passed the Quarter Blood Amendment Act. This
Act’s purpose was to define eligible Indian students for Indian
education programs and tuition free attendance at Bureau of Indian Affairs
or contract schools.
Tuesday,
December 30, 2003
On
this day in 1853, the Gadsen Purchase was made. The purchase added southern
parts of Arizona and New Mexico to United States territory. Most of the
nearly 46-thousand square miles were lands claimed by Native Americans.
Monday,
December 29, 2003
On this day in 1890, 128 Sioux were killed at the Battle of Wounded Knee.
Commonly known as the Wounded Knee Massacre, this ended the last of the
Indian wars in America. It also ended the Ghost Dance Religion, which
claimed that the earth would perish and come back to life again in a pure
state to be inherited by Natives. Wounded Knee would go on to become a
phrase for all wrongs inflicted on Native Americans by the descendants
of Europeans.
Wednesday,
December 24, 2003
During this week in 1845, John L. O’Sullivan coined the phrase “Manifest
Destiny.” He wrote an editorial to the New York Morning Times about
American claims to Oregon Territory. The phrase went on to become a national
doctrine that encouraged America’s claim to the North American continent.
Tuesday,
December 23, 2003
On
this day in 1923, Ruth Muskrat, Cherokee educator and activist, presented
President Calvin Coolidge a copy of the book The Red Man in the United
States. Muskrat was a life long activist and believed that Indians themselves
are the only ones who can find viable solutions to Indian problems.
Monday,
December 22, 2003
On this day in 1898, U.S. President William McKinley established the Hualapai
Indian School Reserve. The reservation was set aside for the purpose of
educating the Hualapai in Arizona Territory.
Friday,
December 19, 2003
On this day in 1980, Chaco Canyon in North-eastern New Mexico and the
site of many Anasazi ruins was officially designated as the Chaco Culture
National Historic Park.
Wednesday,
December 17, 2003
On this day in 1883, the Supreme Court overturned the conviction of Crow
Dog, a Brule Sioux, for the murder of Chief Spotted Tail on the Brule
Sioux reservation. Ex Parte Crow Dog was the first Native American case
to be heard by the Nation’s highest court. The court said the government
didn’t have jurisdiction over crimes committed on tribal lands.
Tuesday,
December 16, 2003
On this day in 1987, the Trail of Tears National Historical Trial was
established. The Trail consists of 2,200 miles of land and water routes
and crosses 9 states.
Monday,
December 15, 2003
On this day in 1890, Hunkpapa Chief Sitting Bull was killed while being
arrested at Fort Yates, North Dakota by Indian Police and Eighth Cavalry
soldiers. Sitting Bull was the principle Chief of the Dakota Sioux. He
was 53 years old.
Friday,
December 12, 2003
On this day in 1882, U.S. President Chester Arthur by executive order
set-up the Pima Agency in the Gila Bend Reserve. The 35-square mile agency
was occupied by the Papago.
Thursday,
December 11, 2003
During this week in 1915, Blackfoot tribal member Red Fox James presented
endorsements from 24 state governments to the White House. The endorsements
advocated for a national recognition day for Native Americans.
Wednesday,
December 10, 2003
On this day in 1991, Custer Battlefield Monument’s name was changed
to the Little Bighorn Battlefield Monument. The monument in Montana is
the site of the June 25,1876 battle between the U.S. Army's seventh cavalry
and the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho.
Tuesday,
December 9, 2003
During this week in 1971, Congress passed the Alaska Native Claims Settlement
Act. Under the settlement, Alaskan Natives received title to a total of
40 million acres of land. The land was divided among some 220 Native villages
and twelve Regional Corporations that were established by the Act.
Monday,
December 8, 2003
On this day in 1818, Secretary of War John C. Calhoun recommended to Congress
that tribes no longer be viewed as sovereign nations. Calhoun’s
report stated that Indian should be saved from extinction and should be
taught the
correctness of the concept of landownership.
Friday,
December 5, 2003
During this week in 1866, Chief Red Cloud led some Cheyenne, Arapaho,
and Sioux in several skirmishes against U.S. troops in northern Wyoming’s
Fort Phil Kearney. The skirmishes led to the “Battle of the Hundred
Slain,” or the Fetterman massacre.
Thursday,
December 4, 2003
On this day in 2000, U.S. Department of Energy Secretary Bill Richardson
signed an agreement that returned nearly 85,000 acres of land in Utah
to the Northern Ute. The U.S. government took the land, called the Naval
Shale Reserve No. 2, from the Ute in 1916. It provided a source of fuel
for naval vessels.
Wednesday,
December 3, 2003
On this day in 1973, the first Native American woman to be an agency superintendent
was appointed. Oglala Tribal member Shirley Plume supervised the Standing
Rock Agency in North Dakota.
Tuesday,
December 2, 2003
On this day in 1980, the Alaska National Interest Land Conservation Act
became law. This Act provides for designation and conservation of certain
public lands in the State of Alaska. It was also intended to include the
implementation of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act and Amendments.
Monday,
December 1, 2003
On this day in 1855, the Donation Land Claim Act expired. The Act offered
the opportunity for every unmarried white male citizen eighteen or older
to claim a half section of land if he arrived in designated territory
before December 1st. The Act led to the displacement of many Native Americans.
Friday,
November 28, 2003
During this week in 1864, the Sand Creek Massacre occurred in South-eastern
Colorado. Over two hundred Cheyenne and Arapaho people were killed. Soldiers
and members of the Colorado volunteers mutilated the bodies.
Thursday,
November 27, 2003
On this day in 1868, Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle was killed during the
Battle of Washita. Lt. Colonel George Armstrong Custer attacked the Cheyenne
chief’s camp and destroyed 51 lodges and the camps entire winter
food supply.
Wednesday,
November 26, 2003
On this day in 1884, 765 square miles of land was set-aside for the Northern
Cheyenne. The reservation in the Tongue River Agency of Montana was created
through an executive order.
Tuesday,
November 25, 2003
During this week in 1989, Congress enacted the National Museum of the
American Indian Act. The act required the museum to inventory, document,
and repatriate culturally affiliated human remains and funerary objects
to federally recognized Native American tribes who requested the items.
Monday,
November 24, 2003
On this day in 1807, Mohawk Chief, Joseph Brandt died. Brandt was a spokesman
for his people, a British military officer during the American Revolution,
and the founder of the Six Nations Indian Reserve near Brantford, Ontario.
Friday,
November 21, 2003
On this day in 1975, the Navajo Nation announced to the BIA their plans
to relocate 60 families from the contested Navajo-Hopi joint usage area
of northeastern Arizona ending a long-running land dispute.
Thursday,
November 20, 2003
On this day in 1969, activists who seized Alcatraz Island in San Francisco
Bay declared the island a reservation for all tribes. They said they would
purchase the island for $24 in glass beads and red cloth. An amount they
said exceeded the purchase of Manhattan Island.
Wednesday,
November 19, 2003
On this day in 1958, U.S. Secretary of Interior Fred Aandahl authorized
an election for a proposed amendment to the constitution and bylaws of
the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon. The
tribe held the election the following April.
Tuesday,
November 18, 2003
On this day in 1977 the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians of Oregon,
a confederation of 27 tribes, were restored federal recognition after
a termination act in 1956 declared them no longer Indian.
Monday,
November 17, 2003
On this day in 1947, the assistant secretary of the interior authorized
an election to approve a constitution and bylaws for the Organized Village
of Kake, Alaska. The election was held on January 27, of the following
year.
Friday,
November 13, 2003
On this day in 1936, the constitution and bylaws for the Oneida Tribe
of Indians of Wisconsin was approved. 790 tribal members voted in favor
and 16 voted in opposition.
Thursday,
November 13, 2003
On this day in 1838, a group of 12-Hundred forcibly removed Cherokees
camped near Hopkinsville, Kentucky. The Cherokees were on their way to
Indian Territory when white settlers sympathized with them and gave them
provisions. Many Cherokees refused the supplies to avoid any inferred
support of the New Echota treaty.
Wednesday,
November 12, 2003
On this day in 1981, the Department of Interior announced that a dam that
would have flooded the Yavapai reservation near Phoenix, Arizona would
not be built. The construction of Orme dam at the confluence of the Verde
and Salt rivers was proposed in the early 1970s. The dam would have forced
the Yavapai from their ancestral homeland. Each year a tribal fair and
rodeo is held to commemorate the decision.
Tuesday,
November 11, 2003
On this day in 1975, Canadian federal, provincial, and First Nations governments
signed the James Bay Northern Quebec Agreement. The agreement, considered
Canada’s first modern treaty, dealt with the administration of First
Nation matters in Quebec Province. The First Nations tribes negotiated
control over local affairs, including schools and land. They also received
compensation.
Monday,
November 10, 2003
On this day in 1997, Annie Dodge Wauneka died at the age of 87. Wauneka
became the first female Navajo Nation councilwoman in 1951. She traveled
throughout the Navajo reservation as a health educator and in 1963 she
received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from U.S. President Lyndon
Johnson for her service to her people.
Friday,
November 7, 2003
During this week in 1978, the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 was ratified.
The act established standards for the placement of Indian children in
foster and adoptive homes to prevent the breakup of Indian families.
Thursday,
November 6, 2003
On this day in 1792 United States President George Washington spoke on
Indian issues in his fourth address to the U.S. Congress. President Washington
presented an update on relations with tribes in different regions.
Wednesday,
November 5, 2003
During this week in 1992, Ben Nighthorse Campbell became the first Native
American to serve in the United States Senate in more than 60-years. Campbell
is a member of the Northern Cheyenne Tribe and represents the state of
Colorado. He currently chairs the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs.
Tuesday,
November 4, 2003
On this day in 1879, cowboy philosopher and humorist Will Rogers was born
on a ranch in Cherokee Indian Territory. The son of a respected mixed-blood
Cherokee couple, Rogers grew up riding and roping on the plains of Oklahoma.
He joined Texas Jack's Wild West show in 1902 under the stage name of
"The Cherokee Kid." He achieved national fame with a series
of movie appearances and wrote seven books. At age 55, Rogers died in
a plane crash.
Monday,
November 3, 2003
On this day in 1755 nearly 100 Delaware and Shawnee started a raid against
settlers of Pennsylvania’s Fulton and Franklin Counties. The raids
led by a Delaware leader lasted several days during which nearly 50 settlers
were killed or capture.
Friday,
October 31, 2003
On this day in 1755 nearly 100 Delaware and Shawnee started a raid against
settlers of Pennsylvania’s Fulton and Franklin Counties. The raids
led by a Delaware leader lasted several days during which nearly 50 settlers
were killed or capture.
Thursday,
October 30, 2003
On this day in 1763, Ottawa Chief Pontiac informed Major Henry Gladwin,
Commander at Fort Detroit, that he wanted peace. Pontiac wanted to end
fighting.
Wednesday,
October 29, 2003
On this day in 1998, U.S. President Bill Clinton signed Proclamation 7144.
The proclamation designated November as National American Indian Heritage
Month. In his proclamation the president highlighted the contributions
of past, present and future Native Americans.
Tuesday,
October 28, 2003
During this week in 1795, the United States signed the San Lorenzo Treaty
with Spain. The treaty defined the boundaries of the U.S. at the 31st
parallel. The Spanish were required to abandon all forts and lands north
of that line and both countries agreed to "control" the Indians
within their boundaries.
Monday,
October 27, 2003
During this week in 1918, the first Native American language was officially
used as a code. The eight Choctaw code talkers ordered the withdrawal
of two companies from the second battalion back to Chardeny. The men were
credited with helping shape the end of World War I.
Friday,
October 24, 2003
During this month in 1837, while negotiating under a white flag of truce,
Seminole Leader Osceola was taken prisoner. While Osceola's capture was
cheered, there was also public outcry at the tactics employed by the army.
Osceola was imprisoned at St. Augustine within the walls of Fort Marion.
Thursday,
October 23, 2003
On this day in 1823, Creek Chief William McIntosh attempted to bribe Cherokee
leaders with $12,000 in hopes of convincing them to cede lands to the
United States. McIntosh was representing the United States Indian Commissioners.
The Cherokee, however, refused the bribe.
Wednesday,
October 22, 2003
During this week in 1966 the first Alaska Federation of Natives conference
was held. Cook Inlet Native Association President Emil Notti called for
the first statewide meeting of Alaska Natives and their organizations.
17 Native organizations and over 250 people attended the first AFN meeting.
AFN's work is credited with the passage of the Alaska Native Corporation
Settlement Act.
Tuesday,
October 21, 2003
During this month in 1644 English colonists murdered Opechancanough the
great chief of the Powhattan confederacy. The elder chief was taken to
Jamestown where a soldier shot him in the back.
Monday,
October 20, 2003
During this week 1848, the Menominee tribe signed a treaty with the federal
government. In the treaty the Menominee agreed to cede all their land
in Wisconsin to the federal government for $350,000.
Friday,
October 17, 2003
On this day in 1855, the Lame Bull Treaty was signed. It was the first
peace treaty signed between the Blackfeet and the US Government. The treaty
defined the boundaries of "The Blackfeet Nation”.
Thursday,
October 16, 2003
On this day in 1992, Rigoberta Menchu, an outspoken Indian rights activist
from Guatemala won the Nobel Peace Prize. She was honored for her work
in social justice and reconciliation on behalf of indigenous peoples.
Wednesday,
October 15, 2003
On
this day in 1615, Samuel de Champlain and many of his Huron allies attacked
the Iroquois town of Onondaga. Champlain was wounded, and several Huron
were killed. Champlain's actions led to years of fighting between the
Iroquois and the French.
Tuesday,
October 14, 2003
On
this day in 1964 Oglala Sioux athlete Billy Mills stunned the world by
winning what some have called “the most sensational race in Olympic
history.” Mills won the 10,000-meter run with a breathtaking come-from-behind-finish.
Monday,
October 13, 2003
During
this week in 1891, the first Native American woman to secure a copyright
and to publish in the English language died. Sarah Winnemucca who was
Paiute wrote, Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims,
an autobiographical account of her people during their first forty years
of contact with explorers and settlers.
Friday,
October 10, 2003
On
this day in 1918 several tribes organized the First American Indian Church
in El Reno, Oklahoma. Original members included Cheyenne, Apache, Ponca,
Comanche and Kiowa.
Thursday,
October 9, 2003
During
this month in 1962 the first Alaska state
wide newspaper devoted to representing the views and issues
of Alaska Natives was established. Howard Rock, an Inupiat Eskimo, founded
the Tundra Times. He developed the paper following a native conference
to fight a project by the Atomic Energy Commission that would have destroyed
several Eskimo villages.
Wednesday,
October 8, 2003
On
this day in 1873, Kiowa warriors Big Tree and Santanta were released from
prison with the provision that the Kiowa would remain peaceful. However
after some raids by the Kiowa, Santanta was put back in prison.
Tuesday,
October 7, 2003
On
this day in 1969 U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy criticized the efforts of the
Bureau of Indian Affairs in addressing the needs of Native American people.
He called for a White House conference on Native American issues and problems.
Monday,
October 6, 2003
On
this day in 1986 the U.S. Congress designated the Nez Perce Historical
Trail. The Nez Perce took the 1,170-mile long trail while fleeing from
the U.S. Army in 1877.
Friday,
October 3, 2003
On
this day in 1790 Cherokee Chief John Ross was born. Ross who was Cherokee
and Scottish served as Chief of the United Cherokee Nation from 1839 to
1866.
Thursday,
October 2, 2003
During
this week in 1962, the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs established
the Institute of American Indian and Alaska Native Arts Development. Initially
a high school the Institute of American Indian Art is now a two-year college
offering associate degrees, it has a major contemporary Indian art museum
and is located in downtown Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Wednesday,
October 1, 2003
On
this day in 1969, in Ridgeville, South Carolina marshals turned Indian
parents and their children away from a local school. The Indians wanted
to be desegregated but a court order prohibited the Indians from attending
white schools.
Tuesday,
September 30, 2003
On
this day in 1873, four Modoc prisoners were hung to death at Alcatraz.
Two other Modocs were also to be hung, but President Ulysses S. Grant
commuted their sentences to life in prison.
Monday,
September 29, 2003
On
this day in 1973 the U.S. House Interior Committee approved the Menominee
Restoration bill. The legislation aimed to reestablish federal recognition
of the Menominee Indians.
Friday,
September 26, 2003
During
this week in 1827 the "Winnebago Expedition" ended. Winnebago
Chief Red Bird surrendered in response to the army's threat to destroy
the entire tribe. Red Bird was found guilty of murdering several settlers
and river men.
Thursday,
September 25, 2003
On
this day in 1714 the five Iroquois Nations sent a letter to the Governor
of New York. The letter announced that the Tuscaroras and the Iroquois
Confederacy had unified.
Wednesday,
September 24, 2003
On
this day in 1852 the federal government granted authorization to officially
move the Menominee Bands of the Lake Poygan area to their present day
reservation.
Tuesday,
September 23, 2003
During
this week in 1819, the Chippewa signed a treaty with the United States.
The tribe gave up a large section of land for $1000 a year, the services
of a blacksmith, and provisions.
Monday,
September 22, 2003
During
this week in 1904 Chief Joseph died. The Nez Perce chief fought to preserve
his homeland and did much to awaken the conscience of America to the plight
of Native Americans.
Friday,
September 19, 2003
On
this day in 1906, the first Sioux congressman, Ben Reifel was born on
the Rosebud Sioux Reservation. Reifel campaigned for improved education
on reservations by recommending consolidation of reservation and county
schools, and essentially integrating Native and non-Native school children.
Thursday,
September 18, 2003
On
this day in 1915, the first Native American woman to earn a medical degree,
Susan LaFlesche Picotte died. She was born on the Omaha reservation in
1865 and was part French, Iowa and Ponca. Dr. Picotte battled government
bureaucracy and worked for economic, social, and spiritual advancement
of Native Americans through her entire career.
Wednesday,
September 17, 2003
On
this day in 1778 Delaware Principal Chief White Eyes, along with two other
chiefs, signed a treaty in Pittsburgh. Chief White Eyes was appointed
as a Colonel at the treaty signing and worked to see Delaware become the
14th American State.
Tuesday,
September 16, 2003
On
this day in 1893 100-thousand people participated in a “run for
land" in the recently purchased Cherokee strip of Indian Territory
in present day Oklahoma. The Cherokees were forced into selling the land
to the federal government.
Monday,
September 15, 2003
On
this day in 1655, 64 Indian war canoes attacked New Amsterdam. The attack
was in retaliation for the killing of an Indian woman by a settler for
stealing some peaches. "The Peach War" as many called it had
minimal casualties on both sides.
Friday,
September 12, 2003
On
this day in 1851, a warrior named Conquering Bear was chosen to represent
the Lakota people. He was chosen after the Americans insisted each tribe
name a head chief who could sign treaties on behalf their people. Conquering
Bear signed the Fort Laramie treaty.
Thursday,
September 11, 2003
During
this week in 1989 the Cherokee Nation Tribal Council made changes to the
official tribal flag. A seven-pointed black star was added to the upper
right corner as a reminder of the Cherokees who lost their lives on the
"Trail of Tears."
Wednesday,
September 10, 2003
On
this day in 1874, a group of Kiowa and Comanche attacked a military supply
caravan along the Washita River, Indian Territory, in present day Oklahoma.
The soldiers barricaded themselves for several days until others came
to help. One soldier was killed.
Tuesday,
September 9, 2003
On
this day in 1871, the only Indian to achieve the rank of general in the
Civil War died. Stand Watie, a Cherokee, was not only in favor of the
removal of the tribes to west of the Mississippi but is also responsible
for signing the treaty that forced the Cherokees to give up their lands
in Georgia and move west to the Indian Territory. Waite fought for the
Confederacy and earned the rank of Brigadier General.
Monday,
September 8, 2003
During
this week in 1957, an Act of Congress granted the Chilkats mineral rights
to their lands near Klukwan in Southeast Alaska. They are one of only
a very small number of Alaskans with this provision.
Friday,
September 5, 2003
On
this day in 1877, Oglala Sioux Chief Crazy Horse died after being bayoneted
in the abdomen by a soldier. His death deprived the Oglala Sioux of one
of their most notable leaders. At the time of his death, Crazy Horse was
36 years old.
Thursday,
September 4, 2003
On
this day in 1863, the Concow-Maidu tribe of California, while on a long
walk arrived at Colby’s Ferry. Almost a year earlier the tribe left
the Round Valley Reservation because of overcrowding and deplorable conditions.
Along their trek back to their ancestral homelands in the Sacramento Valley,
nearly 200 members of the tribe either died or were murdered.
Wednesday,
September 3, 2003
On
this day in 1855 the Battle of Blue Water took place. The battle was set
off by U.S. soldiers seeking revenge for the death of a Lieutenant who
was killed in battle over the killing of a cow. Little Thunder a Brule
Sioux Chief and many women and children were murdered.
Tuesday,
September 2, 2003
During
this week in 1884, the U.S. government opened the United States Indian
Industrial Training School, now known as Haskell Indian Nations University.
The school partly fulfilled treaty promises to educate Indians in exchange
for their land. Haskell has grown and is currently the only four year
accredited Native American university in the country.
Friday,
August 29, 2003
On
this day 1978 the Minneapolis Area Director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
authorized an election for amendments to the Constitution and By-Laws
of the Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin.
Thursday,
August 28, 2003
On
this day in 1974 members of the Navajo Nation testified before the U.S.
Civil Rights Commission in New Mexico. The Tribe confirmed various abuses
suffered by Native people when traveling off-reservation to towns in New
Mexico, Colorado, and Utah.
Wednesday,
August 27, 2003
On
this day in 1878, a U.S. cavalry followed a group of Bannock Natives accused
of stealing livestock along the Madison River. The cavalry fought with
the Bannocks near Henry's Lake, and recovered fifty-six head of livestock.
Tuesday,
August 26, 2003
During
this day in 1858, in what was called "The Battle of Four Lakes,"
the Coeur d’Alene, Columbia River, Colville, Kalispel, and Spokane
tribes fought for almost three hours with Colonel George Wright’s
force. The army eventually defeated the tribes.
Monday,
August 25, 2003
On
this day in 1737 Thomas Penn and Munsee Chiefs signed the Walking Purchase
agreement. The agreement recognized an old deed that sold Indian lands
along the Delaware River at the size of the distance that a man could
walk in a day and a half.
Friday,
August 22, 2003
During
this week in 1793 Shawnee War Chief Bluejacket and 1400 warriors gathered
at Fallen Timbers near Fort Miami. Chief Bluejacket and the warriors engaged
in battle with the English. They were defeated and a truce was made.
Thursday,
August 21, 2003
On
this day in 1852 Fort Selkirk was destroyed by a group of Tlingits who
objected to the Hudson’s Bay Company trying to break the Tlingit
monopoly on trade with the interior tribes.
Wednesday,
August 20, 2003
On
this day in 1789 Congress passed an act that would allow for compensation
to officials for negotiating treaties with tribes and established a daily
allowance for Commissioners who negotiated treaties.
Tuesday,
August 19, 2003
On
this day in 1854, a Miniconjou Sioux, named High Forehead, killed a sickly
cow near Fort Laramie, Wyoming. The owner complained to Brevet Second
Lieutenant John Grattan, who sent 30 volunteers to find High Forehead.
Despite threats, the Sioux refused to hand him over. A shot rang out,
and Grattan's artillery opened fire on the camp. Chief Conquering Bear
was hit as he tried to get both sides to stop shooting. All but one of
Grattan's men was killed in the fighting.
Monday,
August 18, 2003
On
this day in 1819, a delegation of Kansa Indians under Chief He-Roch-Che
went to the Platte River Village of Otoe to negotiate peace. Chief He-Roch-Che
also known as Chief the Real War Eagle was accompanied by 5 warriors and
John Dougherty.
Friday,
August 15, 2003
During
this week in 1645, Hackensack Chief Oratamin successfully negotiated peace
between the Dutch and the Indian tribes near New Amsterdam and Pavonia.
The warring parties had been fighting for several years.
Thursday,
August 14, 2003
During
this week in 1680, the most successful Indian revolt in North American
history, the Pueblo Revolt, took place. Under the leadership of Pope more
than 400 Spaniards, including 21 of the province's 33 missionaries were
killed.
Wednesday,
August 13, 2003
During
this month in 2002, Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma Principal Chief Don
Abney ordered all flags to be flown at half staff in memory of the over
150 Sac and Fox men, women and children who were slain at the hands of
the U.S. military and volunteer militiamen in August of 1832 during the
Black Hawk War.
Tuesday,
August 12, 2003
On
this day in 1831, the “collection and removal” of the Choctaws
to the west bank of the Mississippi River was appointed to special agent
George Gaines. The Choctaws trusted him to handle the entire process and
not to exploit them. Once there, the Choctaws were turned over to the
U.S. Army.
Monday,
August 11, 2003
During
this week in 1988 Aleuts of Alaska received financial compensation and
an apology from Congress and the President on behalf of the American people.
The Aleuts were subjected to internment 40 years earlier, in response
to Japanese aggression in the Aleutians.
Friday,
August 8, 2003
In
1835, the United States signs a treaty with the Choctaw, Comanche, Muscogee
Creek, Cherokee, Osage, Quapaw, Seneca and Wichita at Camp Holmes on the
eastern border of the Grand Prairie, near the Canadian River.
Thursday,
August 7, 2003
On this day in 1670, Apache and Navajo warriors attacked the ancient Zuni
Pueblo of Hawikuh. They burned the church and killed the resident missionary.
The Apaches and Navajos eventually forced the abandonment of six other
Zuni villages.
Wednesday,
August 6, 2003
On this day in 1676 Weetamoo the Sachem Chief of the Wampanoag drowned
while trying to escape from European soldiers. Her head was cut off and
displayed on a pole before her warriors and for town viewing.
Tuesday,
August 5, 2003
During this week in 1823 a force of 500 Sioux and 200 American soldiers
led by Colonel Henry Leavenworth attacked Arikara warriors. The attack
was in retaliation to the Arikara attacking an American expedition two
months earlier. The Arikara lost more than 60 warriors in the battle.
Monday,
August 4, 2003
On this day in 1813, 500 warriors of the White Stick faction of the Creeks
gathered in Coweta, Alabama to plan their attack on the Red Stick band
of Creeks. The 25-hundred Red Stick band were followers of Tecumseh.
Friday,
August 1, 2003
On this day in 1739 several Shawnee Chiefs signed a peace treaty with
British Pennsylvania authorities not to become allies with any other country.
The British agreed to enforce previous treaties banning the sale of rum
to the Indians.
Thursday,
July 31, 2003
On this day in 1874, Gold was discovered in the Black Hills. Immediately
after the discovery a commission tried to negotiate with the Sioux for
the purchase of the Black Hills, but the Sioux refused.
Wednesday,
July 30, 2003
On this day in 1825 the Belantse-etoa or Minitaree tribe signed a treaty
with the U.S. government. The treaty aimed to end skirmishes and established
guidelines for trade between the two parties. Nine chiefs and sixteen
warriors signed the document.
Tuesday,
July 29, 2003
On this day in 1706 the United States and the Chippewa Indians signed
a treaty at St. Peters, Wisconsin. The Chippewas traded large land holdings
for 95-hundred dollars cash, 19-thousand dollars worth of supplies, and
a release from their debts.
Monday,
July 28, 2003
On this day in 1862 Fort Bowie was established on the Apache Pass, in
southeastern Arizona. For more than 30 years the fort and the pass were
the focal points of military operations and eventually lead to the surrender
of Geronimo and the banishment of the Chiricahuas to Florida and Alabama.
Friday,
July 25, 2003
On this day in 1625, the first land sale transaction between eastern Indians
and English Colonists took place. Captain John Somerset deeded land near
his village to Indians, and by doing so it legally established the Indians,
not the Crown, as the land's owners.
Thursday,
July 24, 2003
During this week in 1834 Crow Chief Rotten Belly began a siege of Fort
McKensie on the Missouri River. The siege lasted about a week. Chief Rotten
Belly was known for not only his bravery but also for his wisdom.
Wednesday,
July 23, 2003
On this day in 1832, Eastern Cherokees held a council, in Red Clay, Tennessee
to discuss President Jackson's proposals for their removal to Indian Territory
in present day Oklahoma. The proposal was rejected and the Cherokees refused
to negotiate unless the federal government honored previous treaty promises.
Tuesday,
July 22, 2003
On this day in 1790, the United States enacted two laws that formalized
regulation of trade with Indians. The first was titled "An Act providing
for Holding a Treaty or Treaties to Establish Peace with Certain Indian
Tribes,” and the second "An Act to Regulate Trade and Intercourse
With the Indian Tribes.”
Monday,
July 21, 2003
On this day in 1979 Jay Silverheels became the first American Indian actor
to have a star placed on Hollywood’s Walk of Fame along Hollywood
Boulevard. The Mohawk actor, born Harold J. Smith, played “Tonto”,
in the Lone Ranger television series.
Friday,
July 18, 2003
During this week in 1881, Hunkpapa Lakota Chief and Holy Man Sitting Bull
surrendered to the U.S. military. After years of battling with the government,
he found it impossible to feed his people because the buffalo were nearly
extinct. Sitting Bull was placed in a prison camp at Fort Randall for
two years.
Thursday,
July 17, 2003
On this day in 1863 the Battle of Honey Springs took place in Eastern
Oklahoma. Many Native Americans fought and died there for the Union and
Confederate troops. The battle was the largest engagement fought in Indian
Territory during the Civil War.
Wednesday,
July 16, 2003
On this day in 1887, J.D.C. Atkins, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
wrote in his Annual Report that English would be the exclusive language
used at all Indian schools. He argued that Native languages were not only
of no use, but were detrimental to the education and civilization of Indians.
Tuesday,
July 15, 2003
On this day in 1806 Lieutenant Pike began his Osage River Expedition with
leaders of the Osage and Pawnee. His purpose was to explore the internal
parts of Louisiana and to return women and children from various tribal
nations who were held captive by the Potowatomi.
Monday,
July 14, 2003
On this day in 1837 the first Mandan to die from smallpox was recorded
by Francis Chardon at Fort Clark, on the upper Missouri. The outbreak
of this disease spread rapidly and was extremely deadly to the Mandan
and others in the area.
Friday,
July 11, 2003
During this month in 1824 Seminole Principal Chief Neamathla managed to
avoid the removal of his people from Florida to the west. However, Florida
Governor William Duval was convinced that Neamathla was planning another
uprising so he officially removed him from his position as Chief.
Thursday,
July 10, 2003
On this day in 1854, 200 Sac and Fox were attacked by a force of 1,500
Comanches, Kiowas, Osage, and Apaches in central Kansas. The Sac and Fox,
to their surprise, prevailed.
Wednesday,
July 9, 2003
During this month in 1609 Samuel de Champlain, two Frenchmen, and sixty
Algonquin and Huron Indians, attacked 200 Mohawks near Ticonderoga in
New York. Champlain and the others had firearms that were devastating
to the Mohawks, who ended up quitting the battle.
Tuesday,
July 8, 2003
On this day in 1755 a Shawnee war party staged a series of raids in Draper's
Meadows, near modern day Blackburn, Virginia. They killed 5 settlers and
captured several others including Mary Ingles, who later escaped. Her
children, however, remained in the wilderness and were raised Shawnee.
Monday,
July 7, 2003
On this day in 1598 leaders from seven different Pueblos met in a council
with Oñate at the village of San Domingo Pueblo in New Mexico.
According to journals, the tribal leaders pledged allegiance to Spain.
Friday,
July 4, 2003
On this day in 1887 World Champion Marathoner Thomas Longboat was born.
The Iroquois/Onondaga native known as the "Bronze Mercury,”
won the 1907 Boston Marathon. Longboat is considered one of Canada's greatest
athletes.
Thursday,
July 3 , 2003
On this day in 1868 the Fort Bridger Treaty between the United States
and the eastern band of Shoshone and the Bannock tribes was signed in
the Utah territory. The treaty called for peace between the tribes and
the U.S. and set provisions to establish reservations for the tribes.
Wednesday,
July 2 , 2003
During this month in 1675 the first Indian scalps were cut off during
“King Philip’s War.” In route from Reheboth to Swansea,
Lieutenant Oakes and his men encountered some "hostiles" and
a battle ensued. After the fight, the severed scalps were sent as trophies
to Boston for display.
Tuesday,
July 1 , 2003
On this day in 1955 the Indian Health Act was passed. It transferred Indian
health services from the Interior Department to the Public Health Service’s
Indian Health Agency. Just over two decades later it was moved into the
U.S. Health and Human Services Department.
Monday,
June 30 , 2003
On this day in 1938, Olympic Gold Medallist Billy Mills was born in Pine
Ridge, South Dakota. In the 1964 Olympic games in Tokyo, Japan, the Oglala
Lakota athlete won the gold medal in the 10,000-meter race.
Friday,
June 27 , 2003
During this month in 1939, a famous Nez Perce battle site in the Beaverhead
National Monument in Montana was transferred and named the Big Hole Battlefield
National Monument.
Thursday,
June 26 , 2003
During this week in 2001 the National Aboriginal Veterans War Monument
was unveiled in Ottawa, Canada. The monument depicts three Aboriginal
groups and commemorates the Great War, World War II, the Korean War and
Peacekeepers.
Wednesday,
June 25 , 2003
During this week in 1865 Cherokee native Stan Watie became the last confederate
general to lay down his arms. He was the only Indian to achieve the rank
of general in the Civil War. He was given command of the first Indian
Brigade. Watie’s troops participated in 18 battles or major skirmishes
with federal troops during the Civil War. After the war he briefly served
as a member of a Cherokee delegation for treaty negotiations but then
abandoned public life and returned home.
Tuesday,
June 24 , 2003
On this day in 1948, the members of the Crow Tribe approved their tribal
constitution. Under this constitution the tribe established a general
council form of government in which every adult enrolled member is allowed
to vote if they are present during the meeting of the general council.
Monday,
June 23 , 2003
On this day in 1704, former Governor of South Carolina, James Moore, led
a force of 50 British, and 1,000 Creek Indians against Spanish settlements.
They attacked a Mission in Northwestern Florida. They took many Indians
as slaves and killed Father Manuel de Mendoza.Friday,
June 20, 2003
During
this week in 1839, members of the Cherokee tribe killed the first editor
of the Cherokee Phoenix Elias Boudinot, Chief Major Ridge and his son,
John Ridge for treasonous betrayal. The three victims were members of
the Cherokee "Treaty Party,” who agreed to the removal of the
Cherokees from their lands east of the Mississippi river.
Thursday,
June 19, 2003
During
this month in 1877, the Ponca arrived at the Otto reservation. They were
forcibly marched from their old reservation to Indian Territory. The Otto
took pity on the Ponca and gave them some horses to help carry their people.
Tuesday,
June 17 , 2003
On
this day in 1865 Omaha Native Susan LaFlesche Picotte, the first Native
American woman doctor was born. She graduated from the Woman's Medical
College of Pennsylvania and was a member of the Nebraska State Medical
Society.
Thursday,
June 12, 2003
On
this day in 1855, at the Walla Walla Conference, Washington Territorial
Governor Issac Stevens bypassed the entire structure of the American Constitutional
System by giving Congress sole power to ratify treaties.
Wednesday,
June 11, 2003
During
this month in 1675 King Philip’s War started. The war was named
after Wampanoag leader Metacom but whom the English called Philip. The
war was considered the bloodiest of all the Indian wars and mounted the
fiercest battles ever fought on New England territory.
Tuesday,
June 10, 2003
During
this week in 1866 Chief Seattle, the leader of the Duwamish and Suquamish
tribes, died. Controversy surrounds whether he authored a famous speech
about the environment. The city of Seattle was named in his honor.
Monday,
June 9, 2003
On
this day in 1958, the Atomic Energy Commission officially named a plan
to conduct a nuclear blast in the Arctic, Project Chariot. Ground zero
was to be 31 miles southeast of Point Hope, an Inupiaq Eskimo village.
The plan was dropped in 1962 after public opposition.
Friday,
June 6, 2003
On
this day in 1984 the U.S. Senate voted to make the Committee on Indian
Affairs permanent. Legislation proposed by members of the Senate that
specifically pertains to American Indians, Native Hawaiians, or Alaska
Natives, is under the jurisdiction of the Committee.
Thursday,
June 5, 2003
On
this day in 1873, Alcatraz’s first Indian prisoner known as Paiute
Tom started his prison term at the infamous facility. Tom’s stay
at the prison was short. He was shot and killed by a guard two days after
arriving. It’s unknown today what he was convicted of or why he
was killed.
Wednesday,
June 4, 2003
On
this day in 1647, Narragansett Chief Canonicus died. He was chief of the
tribe when the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock. He also granted Rhode
Island to Roger Williams in 1636. He was approximately 88 years old.
Tuesday,
June 3, 2003
During
this month in 1868, Navajos signed a treaty after the Long Walk when Kit
Carson rounded up 8,000 Navajos and forced them to walk more than 300
miles to the Bosque Redondo reservation in southern New Mexico. Officials
called it a reservation, but to the conquered and exiled Navajos it was
a prison camp.
Thursday,
May 29, 2003
On
this day in 1890, Charles L. Hyde, a Pierre, South Dakota citizen, wrote
a letter to the Secretary of the Interior saying the Ghost Dance was leading
to a possible uprising by the Sioux. Prior to the letter, federal agents
were not concerned about the Ghost Dance, but soon after, they feared
the ceremony.
Wednesday,
May 28, 2003
On
this day in 1888, Sauk and Fox Native, Jim Thorpe, was born in Prague,
Oklahoma. One of the most accomplished all-around athletes in history,
Thorpe was selected as the greatest American athlete and the greatest
football player of the first half of the 20th century.
Tuesday,
May 27, 2003
During
this month in 1616, Virginia’s Deputy Governor George Yeardley and
a group of men killed twenty to forty Chickahominy Indians. It was under
Yeardley’s leadership that friendly relations between the Chickahominy
and the colony ended.
Monday,
May 26, 2003
During
this month in 1513, Ponce de Leon encountered Calusa Indians while exploring
the Gulf Coast of Florida near Charlotte harbor. In a fight with the Calusa,
de Leon captured four warriors.
Friday,
May 23, 2003
During
this week in 1863, Paiute Chief Captain George arrived at Camp Independence
in California. The Paiute Chief tells the soldiers that the Paiute want
peace and he effectively ends the Owens Valley War
Thursday,
May 22, 2003
During
this week in 1830, Congress passed President Andrew Jackson’s Indian
Removal Act. The Act removed tribes living on lands east of the Mississippi
River to lands west of it. Although the removal was labeled as voluntary
and peaceful the tribes who resisted were forcibly removed.
Wednesday,
May 21, 2003
On
this day in 2002, Gordon’s Island in Princeton, Maine was returned
to its rightful owners- the Passamaquoddy Tribe. The island was a burial
site for many of
the tribe’s ancestors who died of small pox in the mid 1800’s.
Tuesday,
May 20, 2003
During
this month in 1733, Creek Chief Tomo-chi-chi agreed to the Treaty of Savannah.
The treaty officially gave General Oglethorpe permission to live on the
land, which ultimately became Georgia, the last of the thirteen colonies.
Monday,
May 19, 2003
During
this month in 1944, Van Thomas Barfoot a Mississippi Choctaw knocked out
two machine gun nests, captured 17 German soldiers, repelled a German
tank assault, destroyed a Nazi field piece and carried two wounded commanders
to safety all in one day. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic
efforts.
Friday,
May 16, 2003
On
this day in 1760, Creek Warrior Chief Hobbythacco led an attack on a group
of English traders in Georgia. The Creek Chief often supported the English,
but at the outbreak of the Cherokee war he decided to support the Cherokees.
Thursday,
May 15, 2003
On
this day in 1876, President Ulysses S. Grant issued an executive order
creating the Cabazon Reservation for the Cahuilla Indians. Prior to the
order, the Cahuilla moved many times due to Southern Pacific Railroad’s
claim to local water rights.
Tuesday,
May 13, 2003
On
this day in 1614, the Viceroy of Mexico found Spanish Explorer Juan de
Oñate guilty of atrocities against the Indians of New Mexico. As
part of his punishment, he was banned from entering New Mexico again.
Monday,
May 12, 2003
On
this day in 1903, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered the removal and relocation
of the Pala Band of Mission Indians, also known as Cupenos, to the Luiseno
reservation. The Cupenos call the three-day journey their "Trail
of Tears."
Friday,
May 10, 2003
On
this day in 1907, Lemhi-Shoshone Chief Tendoy died. After his death, 500
Lemhi departed their land for Fort Hall. Instead of riding in trains like
prisoners they rode horses and wagons on the two hundred mile journey.
Thursday,
May 9, 2003
During
this month in 1885, the second Riel Rebellion occurred in Canada. Major
General Frederick Middleton and a force of 800 soldiers attacked the Metis
and Cree who were holding the village of Batoche. The fighting continued
until the soldiers finally overran the village.
Wednesday,
May 7, 2003
During
this month in 1864, Stand Watie, a Cherokee, became the first American
Indian to be promoted to the rank of Brigadier General in the Confederate
Army. He was also the last Confederate General to surrender at the end
of the Civil War.
Tuesday,
May 6, 2003
During
this month in 1863, the Santee Sioux forfeited their land after their
defeat in the Minnesota uprising. 1,300 Santee Sioux were transported
to a reservation in the Dakota Territory where in the first year, 300
died.
Monday,
May 5, 2003
During
this month in 1763, Ottawa Chief Pontiac attacked and besieged ten British
forts in order to keep the British out of the Appalachian Mountains. As
a result, the Proclamation of 1763 was agreed upon. It stated that no
White settlers could go past the crest of the Appalachians.
Friday,
May 2, 2003
During
this month in 1883, Lakota Chief Sitting Bull was released from prison.
He rejoined his tribe in Standing Rock where he was forced to work the
fields. He spoke forcefully against plans to open part of the reservation
to White settlers.
Thursday,
May 1, 2003
During
this month in 1927, the Alaska Territorial Legislature chose 13 year-old
Benny Benson’s design for the Alaska State flag. The Aleut boy’s
design was chosen from a grade school contest.
Wednesday,
April 30, 2003
On
this date in 1961, the Menominee Tribe of Wisconsin was terminated. The
U.S. government’s termination policy ended the tribe’s status
as a sovereign nation in hopes of assimilating them. Nearly 10 years later,
the Menominee regained federal recognition from Congress with the passage
of a bill.
Tuesday,
April 29, 2003
On
this date in 1860, Navajo Chief Manuelito and his warriors attacked Fort
Defiance in northeastern Arizona. The fort, the first built in Navajo
country, was near livestock grazing land used by the Navajo. Conflict
began when the army claimed the grazing land for their horses.
Monday,
April 28, 2003
During
this week in 1923, Betty Mae Tiger Jumper of the Seminole Nation was born.
She accomplished many firsts, including becoming the first Seminole woman
high school graduate, the first Seminole nurse, and the first female to
be elected to the Seminole Tribal Council.
Friday,
April 25, 2003
On
this day in 1951, Mitchell Red Cloud Jr. of the Ho-Chunk Nation was honored
with the Medal of Honor for his heroic act in the Korean War. He stopped
the enemy from overrunning his company by firing on them even though he
was fatally wounded.
Thursday,
April 24, 2003
During
this week in 1701, William Penn signed a treaty of friendship with representatives
of the Susquahanna, Shawnee, Ganawese, and the Iroquois. The treaty, known
as the Articles of Agreement, said the parties would act peaceably with
each other.
Wednesday,
April 23, 2003
On
this day in 1910, Congress opened the Flathead Indian reservation to White
land seekers. An allotment lottery system was established and by the end
of the year, six thousand names had been drawn and the remaining allotments
were open to a land rush.
Tuesday,
April 22, 2003
During
this week in 1806, the Department of War established the office of Superintendent
of Indian Trade. The president appointed the superintendent whose main
function was to establish and control government trading factories and
to control the purchases of goods for and from the Indians.
Monday,
April 21, 2003
On
this day in 1839, Florida’s new military commander General Alexander
Macomb met with several Seminole Chiefs, including Chitto and Halek Tustenuggee.
The council agreed that the Seminole could remain in Florida if they stayed
near Lake Okechobee.
Friday,
April 18, 2003
On
this day in 1644, Powhatan Confederacy leader 99 year old Opechancanough
and his forces attacked the English along the Pamunkey and York rivers.
This was 22 years after his first attack at Jamestown. His followers killed
almost 400 Virginia colonists.
Thursday,
April 17, 2003
During this
month in 1872 the Confederated Tribes of the Colville reservation was
established east of the Columbia River by an executive order signed by
President Ulysses S. Grant.
Wednesday,
April 16, 2003
On this
day in 1528 the first significant exploration of Florida occurred when
Spanish soldier, explorer, and Indian fighter Panfilo de Narvaez sights
Indian houses near what is now Tampa Bay. Narvaez claimed Spanish royal
title to the land.
Tuesday,
April 15, 2003
On this
day in 1895, the most disastrous fire in Indian Territory destroyed eighteen
businesses, eight homes and thirteen offices in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Among
the burned buildings was The Arrow, a weekly newspaper.
Monday,
April 14, 2003
During this
month in 1875, William Alchesay, Chief of the White Mountain Apache, was
awarded the Indian Wars Congressional Medal of Honor for his bravery during
the 1872 winter campaigns in the Tonto Basin. Chief Alchesay spent much
of his life as a counselor to Indian agents.
Friday,
April 11, 2003
On this
day in 2001, Alaska’s governor signed a historic agreement with
62 Alaska Native groups. The agreement, which stemmed from an English-only
law, committed the state to respect and work with Native Villages on a
government-to-government basis.
Thursday,
April 10, 2003
On this
day in 1910, Navajo politician and activist Anne Dodge Wauneka was born.
She was bestowed the Presidential Medal of Freedom award from President
Lyndon Johnson. Dr. Wauneka played a vital role in bringing tuberculosis
on Navajo land under control.
Wednesday,
April 9, 2003
During this
month in 1871, more than 100 Apaches, most of them defenseless women and
children, were murdered outside Camp Grant in Arizona. Reportedly the
early morning massacre was in retaliation to various raids by the Apache.
Tuesday,
April 8, 2003
On this
day in 1756, Governor Robert Morris declared war on the Delaware and Shawnee
Indians. Included in his war declaration was “The Scalp Act,”
which put a bounty on the scalps of Indian men, women and boys.
Monday,
April 7, 2003
On this
day in 1830, President Andrew Jackson submitted a bill to Congress calling
for the removal of tribes in the east to lands west of the Mississippi.
The Indian Removal Act was passed, and from 1830 to 1840 thousands of
Native Americans were forcibly removed.
Friday,
April 4, 2003
During this
month in 1996, the United Methodist Church formally apologized at its
national convention to the Arapaho and Cheyenne tribes for the sand creek
massacre of 1864. Many women, children and elderly were killed during
the massacre.
Thursday,
April 3, 2003
During this
month in 1676, Virginia settlers chose Nathaniel Bacon to lead an expedition
against the nearby tribe of Occaneechee. New to the Colony, Bacon decided
to kill the Indians instead of waiting for a formal commission from the
governor.
Wednesday,
April 2, 2003
On this
day in 1786, the Creek tribe declared war on Georgia. The Creek refused
to negotiate with the Georgians until they recognized the boundary of
the Creek and Georgia land that was determined in the Augusta Treaty of
1773.
Tuesday,
April 1, 2003
During this
month in 1925, the Alaska Territorial Legislature enacted a law that required
voters to be able to read and write the English language. The law was
aimed at Tlingit Indian leader, William Lewis Paul,who emerged in the
early 1920’s as a major force in Alaskan politics.
Monday,
March 31, 2003
During this
week in 1953, Native America mourned the death of Sac and Fox Olympic
Gold Medal winner Jim Thorpe. Thorpe was voted America’s greatest
all around male athlete and chosen as the greatest football player of
the half-century by the Associated Press sports writers.
Friday,
March 28, 2003
On this
date in 1883, Chato, a Chiracahua Apache subchief, began a six-day raid
of lands, killing more than 25 people. Chato served as a U.S. Army Scout,
and was in part responsible for the Apaches' return to the Southwest during
the early part of the twentieth century.
Thursday,
March 27, 2003
On this date
in 1814, the Battle of Horseshoe began. The battle is considered to be
one of many events that led up to the Creek War and the signing of the
Treaty of Fort Jackson, which had the Creeks forfeit over 20-million acres
of land to the U.S. in retribution for the War.
Wednesday,
March 26, 2003
On this date
in 1682, the first recorded meeting of Europeans and the Natchez people
occurred. The meeting on the Mississippi River included the Explorer Henri
De Tonti who was the first to meet the Natchez.
Tuesday,
March 25, 2003
On this date
in 1916, Ishi, known as the last survivor of his tribe, the Yahi, died
of tuberculosis. The Yahi were victims of extermination following the
California Gold Rush. The population of Native Americans in California
was reduced from 100,000 in 1848 to a meager 20,000 in 1910.
Monday,
March 24, 2003
On this date
in 1882, Crow Dog was arrested and given a murder sentence for killing
Chief Spotted Tail. The shooting was the end of events that started from
Crow Dog urging Spotted Tail to conform to the assimilation of the White
man and follow the orders of the new Indian Agent, John Cook.
Friday,
March 21, 2003
On this date
in 1883, Apache sub-chiefs; Chato, Bonito and Chihuahua raided a mining
town near Tombstone, Arizona. This was just the pretext General George
Crook needed to mount a raid into Mexico to find the Apaches.
Thursday,
March 20, 2003
On this date
in 1799, William Sturges made a journal entry about life in a late 18th
century Northwest coast Haida Indian village. The entry recalls numerous
fur trade receipts, in which by all accounts the Indians had the upper
hand.
Wednesday,
March 19, 2003
On this date
in 1885, the Battle of Duck Lake began in Canada. Metis leader Louis Riel
and his rebellion established a provisional government to try and end
the suffering imposed on Indians when the Indian agents did not have the
resources necessary to relieve.
Tuesday,
March 18, 2003
On this date
in 1954, Korean War and Cherokee soldier Charles George died by throwing
himself on an enemy grenade. George's self-sacrifice saved his infantry
and his actions won him the Congressional Medal of Honor.
Monday,
March 17, 2003
During this
month in 17-68, Shawnee Chief and Prophet Tecumseh was born. Tecumseh
took his place in history as head of a major alliance against the whites
in the northeast. In the war of 18-12, Tecumseh became an ally of the
English. He obtained the rank of Brigadier-General in the service.
Friday,
March 14, 2003
On this date
in 1889, Susan La Flesche Picotte became the first American Indian woman
doctor. La Flesche received her medical degree from the Women’s
Medical College of Pennsylvania, graduating at the top of her class. She
spent her internship at the Woman’s Hospital in Philadelphia, from
1889 until 1893.
Thursday,
March 13, 2003
On this date
in 1948, one of the first Indian Army Nurses died. Sister Bridgette Pleets
was one of four Lakota nuns from the Congregation of American Sisters
from Fort Pierre, South Dakota. This group helped nurse soldiers back
to health during the Spanish-American War in the late 1800’s.
Wednesday,
March 12, 2003
On this date
in 1862, the steamship “Brother Jonathan” arrived at Victoria,
British Columbia from San Francisco carrying the small pox virus. The
arrival started the small pox epidemic among Northwest coast tribes. From
this date to December 1862, an estimated 14,000 Native people perished.
Tuesday,
March 11, 2003
On this date
in 1824, The Bureau of Indian Affairs was established by President James
Madison as part of the Department of War. In 1849, it became an agency
of the newly created Department of the Interior. By the 1850s, overseeing
reservations had become its principal duty.
Monday,
March 10, 2003
On this date
in 1979, William Beattie Feathers former football teammate of Jim Thorpe
at Carlisle Indian School, died. Feathers was a great athlete, breaking
college records as an All-American. Feathers was elected to the College
Football Hall of Fame.
Friday,
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